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Note: General practitioners should treat underlying pain/inflammation first (e.g., osteoarthritis trial with NSAIDs) before labeling a case as "behavioral."

In modern practice, veterinarians treat behavior as a "sixth vital sign". Changes in an animal's typical behavior can provide early warnings for complex medical issues:

Understanding species-typical behavior allows veterinarians to handle patients more safely and humanely. Critical Research Topics Current studies in Frontiers in Veterinary Science Journal of Veterinary Behavior Cognitive & Emotional Processes:

Keywords integrated: animal behavior and veterinary science, Fear Free, chronic stress, veterinary behaviorist, FLUTD, CDS, low-stress restraint.